4hydroxynonenaal

4-Hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) is a reactive aldehyde that is a product of lipid peroxidation, a process that occurs when polyunsaturated fatty acids in cell membranes are oxidized by reactive oxygen species. 4-HNE is formed from the oxidation of arachidonic acid, a polyunsaturated fatty acid found in cell membranes. It is a potent electrophile and can react with various biomolecules, including proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids, leading to the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and other adducts. These adducts can alter the structure and function of biomolecules, contributing to the development of various diseases, including atherosclerosis, diabetes, and neurodegenerative disorders. 4-HNE has been shown to induce oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis, and it has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several chronic diseases. The levels of 4-HNE in biological samples, such as plasma and urine, have been used as biomarkers for oxidative stress and inflammation. However, the role of 4-HNE in disease pathogenesis is complex and may vary depending on the tissue, cell type, and disease context. Further research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms by which 4-HNE contributes to disease development and to identify potential therapeutic targets for intervention.