4hydroxybutyric

4-hydroxybutyric acid, also known as GHB or gamma-hydroxybutyrate, is a naturally occurring substance found in the human brain and certain foods. It is a neurotransmitter and a central nervous system depressant. GHB is structurally related to the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).

In the body, GHB is produced from GABA and can also be synthesized from other precursors. It plays a role in various physiological processes, including sleep, mood, and memory. GHB can cross the blood-brain barrier, where it exerts its effects by binding to specific GHB receptors and also indirectly influencing GABA receptors.

While naturally occurring, GHB is also synthesized and used recreationally. In its illicit form, it is often produced from precursor chemicals like gamma-butyrolactone (GBL). Recreational use of GHB can lead to feelings of euphoria, relaxation, and increased sociability, but also carries significant risks.

The effects of GHB are dose-dependent. At low doses, it can act as a stimulant, while at higher doses, it is a potent sedative. Adverse effects can include nausea, vomiting, dizziness, confusion, loss of consciousness, respiratory depression, and coma. Due to its potential for abuse and dangerous side effects, GHB is a controlled substance in many countries.

Medicinally, GHB, in its salt form sodium oxybate (Xyrem), is approved for the treatment of narcolepsy, a sleep disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness. It is also being investigated for its potential in treating other conditions.