4Dprinting
4D printing is an extension of three-dimensional (3D) printing that involves materials that can change their shape or properties over time in response to external stimuli. While 3D printing creates objects with defined dimensions, 4D printing adds a temporal dimension, allowing the printed object to transform after its fabrication. The "fourth dimension" refers to this time-dependent transformation.
The process typically begins with 3D printing special smart materials, often referred to as stimuli-responsive materials
Applications of 4D printing are diverse and still largely in the research and development phase. Potential