2ndconjugation

The second conjugation is a class of Latin verbs characterized by an infinitive ending in -ēre and a long ē in the stem vowel. Most common examples are monēre (to warn), habēre (to have), vidēre (to see), and dēbēre (to owe). In many tenses, these verbs maintain a distinct stem vowel pattern that centers on the -ē- before the -re.

In the present system, the active endings are -eō, -ēs, -et, -ēmus, -ētis, -ent. For example, habēre gives habeō, habēs, habet, habēmus, habētis, habent. The present passive uses endings such as -ēor, -ēris, -ētur, -ēmur, -ēminī, -entur (e.g., habeor, habeāris, habeātur, habeāmur, habeminī, habeuntur).

The imperfect active endings are -ēbam, -ēbās, -ēbat, -ēbāmus, -ēbātis, -ēbant, and the future active endings are -ēbō, -ēbis, -ēbit, -ēbimus, -ēbitis, -ēbunt. These reflect the characteristic -ē- in the stem and set apart the 2nd conjugation from the 1st, 3rd, and 4th classes.

In the perfect system, the endings are -ī, -istī, -it, -īmus, -istis, -ērunt, produced from the perfect stem (often with -uī for many verbs, as in habuī). The pluperfect uses -erā..., and the future perfect uses -erit..., following a shared pattern across Latin conjugations.

Notes: some verbs show irregular forms or phonological variants, and participles and subordinate forms follow the same -ēre-based patterns. The 2nd conjugation is among the most frequent and includes many everyday verbs.

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