2022

2022 was a calendar year characterized by continued public health challenges from the COVID-19 pandemic, a major invasion of Ukraine by Russia, and a range of scientific, political, and cultural developments that had lasting global impact.

In February, Russia launched a full-scale invasion of Ukraine, prompting widespread sanctions and a humanitarian crisis, as well as significant disruptions to energy markets and global security discussions. The conflict escalated regional tensions and influenced diplomatic alignments, defense spending, and refugee flows throughout the year.

Other significant political and policy developments included the United States Supreme Court ruling to overturn Roe v. Wade in June, the Inflation Reduction Act passing in August, and the 2022 United States midterm elections in November. COP27, held in Egypt in November, addressed climate mitigation, finance, and loss and damage.

Major scientific and technological milestones included the James Webb Space Telescope releasing its first full-color images in July; the Artemis I mission launching in November; the Ethereum network completing its shift from proof-of-work to proof-of-stake in September; and the collapse of the Terra/LUNA and FTX cryptocurrency ecosystems during the year.

2022 also saw significant cultural and sporting events. The Beijing Winter Olympics were held in February, and the FIFA World Cup was held in Qatar in November and December. Notable deaths included Queen Elizabeth II on September 8 and footballer Pelé on December 29. The year also saw severe weather events, including floods in Pakistan and Hurricane Ian in the United States, underscoring climate-related risks.