épreuve

Épreuve is a French noun (feminine) with several related meanings centered on testing, proving, or enduring. The most common sense is a test or examination intended to assess skills or endurance, as in épreuves d’examen or les épreuves du baccalauréat. It can also denote a trial or hardship one must endure, as in les épreuves de la vie.

In the context of competitions, une épreuve refers to a specific event or discipline within a program. For example, an athletic meet may include multiple épreuves, each representing a separate test of performance. The term thus designates both the segment and the act of competing within a larger event.

In publishing and printing, épreuve designates a proof copy or test printing used to check typography, layout, and content before final production. A printing épreuve is typically reviewed and corrected prior to the final edition.

Etymology and related forms: épreuve derives from the verb éprouver, to test or feel, which is linked to the broader family of words related to proving or evidence. The noun rêve is a related form in other Romance languages, though usage and meaning differ by language.

Usage notes: in French, the same word covers testing, hardship, and a printing proof, with context determining the intended sense. The plural épreuves is common in phrases about exams, challenges, or events in a program or season.