émigration

Émigration denotes the departure of individuals or groups from their country of origin to reside in another country. The people who leave are called émigrés or emigrants. In demographic terms, emigration is the counterpoint to immigration, which refers to arrival.

Causes of émigration are diverse and often described by push and pull factors. Push factors include economic stagnation, unemployment, conflict, political oppression, and environmental degradation; pull factors include higher wages, political stability, better living standards, education, and networks of compatriots abroad.

Effects on origin countries can include a loss of skilled labor and demographic changes, but also remittances and social capital from emigrants' ties. Destination countries may gain labor force flexibility and diversity, while facing integration challenges, housing pressures, and political debate over migration policy.

Historically, major waves include the Irish and Italian migrations to the Americas in the 19th and early 20th centuries, Jewish diaspora due to persecution, and post-colonial migrations from Africa, Asia, and the Caribbean. Emigration has profoundly shaped demographics, cultures, and economies worldwide.

Data on emigration are collected through censuses, surveys, and border statistics and are used to measure emigration rates and stock. Policy responses vary by country, including visa regimes, return incentives, support for diasporas, and programs to manage brain drain and encourage circular migration.