çeviri

Çeviri, or translation, is the process of rendering text or speech from a source language into a target language while preserving meaning, tone, and function. The Turkish noun çeviri comes from the verb çevirmek, meaning to turn or to translate, with the agentive suffix -i forming the noun. In translation studies, çeviri is analyzed as both a linguistic act and a cultural operation that mediates between languages and communities.

Categories of çeviri include yazılı çeviri (written translation) and sözlü çeviri (oral translation or interpretation), as well as subtitling, dubbing, and localization, which adapt content to a specific audience or region. Translators balance form and meaning through approaches such as formal (source-text oriented) and dynamic (target-text oriented) equivalence, as well as strategies of yerelleştirme (domestication) and yabancılaştırma (foreignization).

Historically, Turkish translation has evolved from Ottoman diplomacy and literature to modern publishing, education, and law. The rise of digital technologies expanded access to translation and gave rise to machine translation and neural MT, though quality remains variable across language pairs and domains, necessitating human review and post-editing. Ethical considerations include accuracy, confidentiality, and cultural sensitivity, while professional practice emphasizes terminology management, client communication, and adherence to standards.