Ösophagusperistaltik

Ösophagusperistaltik, also known as esophageal peristalsis, refers to the coordinated wave-like muscle contractions that propel food and liquids from the throat (pharynx) through the esophagus into the stomach. This process is a crucial component of swallowing and ensures efficient passage of the bolus, preventing regurgitation and maintaining digestive tract integrity.

The esophagus is a muscular tube lined with a mucosal layer, and its peristaltic activity is primarily controlled by the autonomic nervous system, particularly the vagus nerve. Peristalsis begins in the upper esophageal sphincter (UES) as the pharyngeal phase of swallowing initiates, followed by a primary peristaltic wave that travels distally at a speed of approximately 2–4 cm per second. Secondary peristaltic waves, which are less efficient, may occur if residual material remains after the primary wave.

The lower esophageal sphincter (LES) regulates entry into the stomach by relaxing in response to the approaching bolus, allowing it to pass while preventing gastric contents from refluxing. Dysfunction in esophageal peristalsis, such as hypomotility or aperistalsis, can lead to conditions like achalasia, where food stagnates in the esophagus, or gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), caused by inadequate LES function.

Diagnostic evaluation often includes barium swallow imaging or esophageal manometry, which measures pressure changes during peristaltic activity. Treatment may involve dietary modifications, medications, or surgical interventions to restore normal motility when peristaltic disorders are identified. Understanding esophageal peristalsis is essential for diagnosing and managing swallowing disorders and digestive tract pathologies.