Értékracionalitás

Értékracionalitás, a value rationality in English, is a concept originating from Max Weber's sociology. It describes a type of social action driven by a conscious belief in the value of a certain ethical, aesthetic, or religious principle, regardless of its prospects of success. The actor is motivated by the inherent worth of the action itself, not by the expected outcome. This contrasts with zweckrationalität, or instrumental rationality, where action is chosen based on its effectiveness in achieving a specific goal.

In value rationality, the individual acts according to a code or conviction. For example, a person might refuse to lie, even if doing so would lead to a significant personal gain or avoid severe consequences. The act of telling the truth is valued for its own sake. Similarly, a soldier might fight bravely in a losing battle, not because victory is likely, but because courage and duty are seen as intrinsically valuable principles.

Weber saw value rationality as one of the key ideal types of social action, alongside instrumental rationality, traditional action, and affectual action. While instrumental rationality is focused on calculating the most efficient means to an end, value rationality is concerned with acting in accordance with deeply held beliefs and principles. These two forms of rationality can sometimes be in tension, as the most effective course of action might conflict with an individual's values. Understanding värderationalität helps explain why people sometimes act against their apparent self-interest or in ways that defy purely utilitarian logic.