wenn

Wenn is a conjunction in the German language used to introduce dependent clauses that convey conditions or time references. It corresponds to English “if” in conditional contexts and “when” in temporal contexts, though the exact meaning is determined by context.

Conditional use: When introducing a condition, “wenn” is followed by a clause in a present or past tense, and the main clause can be in the present or future. Examples: “Wenn ich Zeit habe, komme ich.” “Wenn er kommt, gehen wir.” For hypothetical conditions in contrary-to-fact past situations, Konjunktiv II is used: “Wenn ich mehr Zeit gehabt hätte, wäre ich gekommen.”

Temporal use: “Wenn” can express a recurring or future time reference. Examples: “Wenn ich morgen Zeit habe, rufe ich dich an.” “Wenn es regnet, bleiben wir zu Hause.” In contrast, “als” is used for a single past event: “Als ich jung war, spielte ich.” “Wann” is used in questions to ask about time. “Falls” marks a more tentative condition, similar to “in case.”

Etymology and usage notes: “Wenn” derives from older Germanic roots and has cognates in related languages. In subordinate clauses introduced by “wenn,” the verb typically appears at the end of the clause, while main clauses use standard German word order. The meaning of “wenn”—conditional or temporal—often depends on context, surrounding temporal expressions, and the tense choices in the involved clauses.