voltooid

Voltooid is a Dutch adjective meaning completed or finished. It is formed from the verb voltooi en (to complete) and the participle suffix -d, yielding voltooid as the past participle. The word is used both as a participle and as an adjective.

In grammar, voltooid refers most often to the past participle used with auxiliary verbs hebben or zijn to form the perfect tenses. The term voltooid verleden tijd, literally “completed past tense,” designates the Dutch perfect tense, which expresses actions that have been completed relative to a reference point. Examples: Ik heb de taak voltooid. Het rapport is voltooid. In these sentences the word voltooid marks the completed nature of the action.

Voltooid can also function as an adjective meaning “completed” in phrases such as een voltooid project or voltooid werk. The opposite form is onvoltooid, meaning unfinished, and it appears in the counterpart term onvoltooid verleden tijd for the imperfect aspect. The distinction between voltooid and onvoltooid is central to Dutch tense and aspect systems.

Etymology is straightforward: voltooid derives from voltooi en (to complete), with the suffix -d forming the past participle. The term and its related forms are widely used in everyday language as well as in administrative, academic, and formal prose.