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Viscosity is a measure of a fluid's resistance to flow. It describes the internal friction between adjacent layers of a fluid. The concept is crucial in various fields, including physics, engineering, and chemistry. Viscosity is typically denoted by the Greek letter eta (η) and is measured in units such as pascal-seconds (Pa·s) or poise (1 Pa·s = 10 poise).

Fluids with high viscosity, such as honey or syrup, flow slowly because their molecules are strongly attracted to each other, creating significant internal friction. Conversely, fluids with low viscosity, like water or air, flow more easily because their molecules interact less strongly.

Temperature significantly affects viscosity. Generally, viscosity decreases as temperature increases. This is because higher temperatures cause molecules to move more freely, reducing internal friction. Conversely, lower temperatures increase viscosity as molecules slow down and interact more strongly.

Viscosity is also influenced by pressure. In many fluids, increasing pressure typically increases viscosity, although the relationship is not always straightforward and can depend on the specific fluid and conditions.

Viscosity is a critical parameter in various applications, including lubrication, fluid dynamics, and the design of pipelines and hydraulic systems. Understanding and controlling viscosity is essential for optimizing performance and efficiency in these areas.