vakuolens

Vakuolens, commonly known as vacuoles, are membrane-bound compartments within cells. They are enclosed by a single membrane, called the tonoplast in plant cells, and by a limiting membrane in other organisms. Vacuoles vary in size and composition across cell types and species.

In plant and fungal cells, a prominent central vacuole stores water and maintains turgor pressure, supporting cell rigidity and growth. It also holds ions, nutrients, pigments, and waste products, and contains hydrolytic enzymes that can degrade macromolecules. The tonoplast regulates the movement of ions and solutes between the cytosol and the vacuolar lumen, helping to maintain cellular pH and osmotic balance.

Animal cells typically contain smaller, more transient vacuoles involved in transport and storage; many vacuoles form during endocytosis or autophagy. Specialized vacuoles include contractile vacuoles in some protists that expel excess water, lysosome-like digestive vacuoles in various cells, and pigment vacuoles that store anthocyanins and other pigments in plants.

Vacuoles originate from vesicles derived from the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus and can fuse with each other or with endosomes during maturation. In plants, vacuolar expansion is a major factor in cell growth, as water uptake enlarges the vacuole volume with limited cytoplasmic growth.

Overall, vacuoles serve diverse roles in storage, degradation, osmoregulation, pigment sequestration, and cellular growth, with functional differences reflecting the needs of different organisms and cell types.