turkce

Turkish, known as Türkçe in Turkish, is a Turkic language spoken primarily in Turkey and Northern Cyprus. It has a widespread diaspora across Europe and the Middle East, with sizable communities in Germany, the Netherlands, and Sweden. Estimates place native speakers around 75–90 million, with more than 100 million people able to speak or study Turkish as a second language. Turkish is the official language of Turkey and in Northern Cyprus.

Turkish belongs to the Turkic language family. It is agglutinative, using suffixes to express grammatical relations, and exhibits vowel harmony and postpositional syntax. It is generally classified as SOV (subject–object–verb). The language has undergone significant standardization since the early republican period, culminating in the adoption of a Latin-based alphabet in 1928.

Orthography and standardization: The modern Turkish alphabet has 29 letters and uses diacritics such as ç, ş, ö, ü, ğ, and ı. Ottoman Turkish used the Arabic script; the 1920s reform modernized literacy and administration. The standard form is largely based on the Istanbul dialect, with regional varieties across Turkey and Cyprus. Dialects include Anatolian, Aegean, and Balkan-influenced varieties, though mutual intelligibility is high among speakers of standard Turkish.

Loanwords from French, Persian, Arabic, Italian, and English have influenced vocabulary. Turkish functions as a national language in Turkey, with official status, education, media, and public life conducted in Turkish.