tulnud

Tulnud is the past participle of the Estonian verb tulla, meaning "to come." In standard usage it denotes something that has arrived or something that has come to pass. As a participle, tulnud can function as part of compound tenses with the auxiliary olema (to be), for example "on tulnud" meaning "has arrived" or "has come." It can also be used adjectivally to describe a noun that has already arrived, as in "tulnud külaline" (a guest who has arrived).

Etymology and related forms: The form tulnud is derived from the verb tulla. In the Finnic language family, parallel forms exist, such as Finnish tullut, which also means "having come." The Estonian form tulnud serves similar grammatical purposes and is used in both predicative and attributive positions.

Usage notes: As an attributive participle, tulnud agrees with the noun in number and case, so you can have "tulnud külaline" (a guest who has arrived) or "tulnud külalised" (guests who have arrived). It also appears in perfect or pluperfect constructions with olema, such as "Kiri on tulnud" (The letter has arrived) or "Ta oli tulnud" (He/she had arrived).

Examples:

- Kiri on minuni tulnud. (The letter has arrived.)

- Külaline on tulnud. (A guest has arrived.)

- Tulnud inimene koputas uksele. (The person who has arrived knocked at the door.)

See also: Estonian grammar, Past participles in Estonian, Tulla (Estonian verb), Finnish tullut.