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Tributylphosphate, also known as TBP, is a chemical compound with the formula (C4H9O)3PO. It is a colorless, flammable liquid that is soluble in organic solvents but not in water. TBP is widely used as an extractant in the nuclear industry for the separation and purification of uranium and other actinides from aqueous solutions. It is also used as a plasticizer in the production of certain types of polymers, such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and as a flame retardant in various materials.

The chemical structure of TBP consists of a phosphorus atom bonded to three butyl groups and one oxygen atom. The butyl groups are long, hydrophobic chains that contribute to the compound's solubility in organic solvents. The oxygen atom is bonded to the phosphorus atom through a double bond, which gives TBP its characteristic properties.

TBP is a highly toxic substance that can cause severe health effects if ingested, inhaled, or absorbed through the skin. It can irritate the skin, eyes, and respiratory tract, and may cause damage to the liver and kidneys. Prolonged exposure to TBP can lead to more serious health effects, including cancer.

Due to its toxicity and potential environmental impact, the use of TBP is subject to strict regulations in many countries. Efforts are being made to develop alternative compounds that can perform the same functions as TBP without the associated health and environmental risks.