transformatorius

Transformatorius is the term used in Lithuanian for the electrical device known in English as a transformer. A transformatorius transfers electrical energy between circuits through electromagnetic induction, without moving parts. It typically comprises a primary winding connected to the input source and a secondary winding delivering voltage to the load, both wound around a magnetic core.

The operation relies on Faraday's law of induction: a changing current in the primary winding induces a magnetic flux in the core, which links to the secondary winding and induces voltage proportional to the turns ratio. For an ideal transformatorius, Vp/Vs = Np/Ns while Is/Ip = -Np/Ns, so power is conserved (subject to losses). The turns ratio determines whether the device steps voltage up or down.

Transformatoriai come in various forms, including power transformers for high-voltage networks, distribution transformers for local circuits, isolation transformers for galvanic separation, and autotransformers for smaller step changes. Construction typically uses laminated steel cores to limit eddy currents and copper or aluminum windings with robust insulation. Large units are oil- or air-cooled and may include cooling systems for reliability.

Common applications include stepping voltage up or down in electricity transmission and distribution, impedance matching in audio and radio equipment, and providing isolated supplies in safety-critical systems. Modern transformatoriai are highly efficient, with losses arising from winding resistance (copper loss) and core magnetic losses; total efficiency for large units often exceeds 98 percent.

Transformatoriai were developed in the late 19th century, with widespread adoption as alternating current networks expanded. Ongoing improvements focus on core materials, insulation, cooling, and compact designs.