transduktoreja

Transduktoreja are devices that convert energy from one form to another, forming the interface between physical phenomena and electronic systems. An individual transduktori, or transducer, has an input domain where a physical quantity is sensed or acted upon, and an output domain where the result is presented as a signal suitable for processing or control.

Common examples include microphones, which convert sound into an electrical signal; loudspeakers, which convert electrical energy into sound; thermocouples and resistance temperature detectors, which convert temperature into voltage or resistance changes; photovoltaic cells, which convert light into electrical energy; and photodiodes, which convert light into current. Piezoelectric and magnetic transducers can convert mechanical energy to electrical signals or drive mechanical motion, while capacitive and optical transducers use displacement or light to generate a signal.

Transduktoreja can be categorized by energy domain (electrical, optical, mechanical, thermal, chemical), by function (sensors that measure a quantity, actuators that drive a process, or devices that perform both), or by operating principle (electromagnetic, piezoelectric, capacitive, thermoelectric, etc.). They can be passive (not requiring external power for sensing) or active (requiring bias or an internal energy source).

Key performance attributes include sensitivity, linearity, dynamic range, bandwidth, noise, and stability. They are essential components in measurement systems, control engineering, medical devices, and consumer electronics.

In biology, transducers may refer to biosensors that convert biological information into electrical signals, while mechanotransduction describes cellular signaling in response to mechanical stimuli and is a related but distinct concept.