transdukcí

Transdukcí is a term used in Czech to describe the process of transferring something from one form or place to another. In biology it primarily concerns genetic transduction and signal transduction, while in physics and engineering it is used for energy or signal conversion by a transducer.

Genetic transduction is a bacteriophage-mediated transfer of genetic material between bacteria. Generalized transduction occurs when random fragments of bacterial DNA are packaged into phage particles and delivered to a recipient cell. Specialized transduction happens when phage DNA excises from the bacterial chromosome and carries adjacent bacterial genes with it. Transduction contributes to horizontal gene transfer, genetic diversity, and the spread of traits such as antibiotic resistance.

Signal transduction refers to cellular processes that convert an external signal, such as a hormone or growth factor, into a functional response. It involves receptors, intracellular signaling proteins, second messengers (for example, cAMP or calcium ions), and ultimately changes in gene expression or metabolism. Common paradigms include G protein–coupled receptor signaling and receptor tyrosine kinase pathways. Proper transduction is essential for development, homeostasis, and immune function; defects can lead to diseases including cancer and metabolic disorders.

In engineering and physics, transduction denotes the conversion between energy forms or between physical signals and electrical signals, as in microphones, photodetectors, or piezoelectric sensors. The concept highlights the transformation and transmission of information or energy through a mediating device.

Etymology traces to Latin transductio, “leading across.” In Czech, forms such as transdukce and transdukcí are used depending on syntax and context.