toussa

Toussa, also known as African trypanosomiasis, is a parasitic disease transmitted by the tsetse fly. It affects both humans and animals, causing a range of debilitating symptoms. The parasite responsible is a protozoan of the genus Trypanosoma.

In humans, the disease is spread by the bite of an infected tsetse fly. There are two main forms of human African trypanosomiasis: the West African form, caused by Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, and the East African form, caused by Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. The West African form progresses more slowly and can remain undiagnosed for years, while the East African form is more acute and can lead to death within months if untreated. Early symptoms often include fever, headaches, joint pain, and fatigue. As the disease progresses, it can affect the central nervous system, leading to neurological and psychiatric disorders, including confusion, poor coordination, sleep disturbances, and personality changes.

Animal African trypanosomiasis, or nagana, is caused by the same parasites and affects livestock, particularly cattle, significantly impacting agricultural productivity in affected regions. Diagnosis typically involves microscopic examination of blood or other bodily fluids for the presence of trypanosomes, and more advanced diagnostic techniques are also available. Treatment depends on the stage of the disease and the specific parasite involved, with medication varying in efficacy and potential side effects. Prevention strategies include controlling tsetse fly populations, implementing early detection and treatment programs, and educating at-risk communities. The disease is primarily found in rural sub-Saharan Africa.