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Tomography is a non-invasive imaging technique used to create detailed cross-sectional images of objects or biological tissues. The term originates from the Greek words *tomos* (slice) and *graphein* (to write), reflecting its ability to reconstruct internal structures in layers. This method is widely applied in medical diagnostics, materials science, and industrial inspection due to its ability to visualize complex internal features without physical dissection.

The most common form of tomography is computed tomography (CT), which employs X-rays to generate cross-sectional images. In medical imaging, CT scans are essential for diagnosing conditions such as tumors, fractures, and vascular diseases. Other variants include magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) tomography, which uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce detailed images of soft tissues, and ultrasound tomography, which relies on sound waves for real-time imaging.

Beyond medical applications, tomography is used in non-destructive testing (NDT) for inspecting materials like metals, composites, and ceramics. Techniques such as X-ray computed tomography (XCT) and neutron tomography help detect internal flaws, porosity, or structural integrity in industrial components. Additionally, tomography plays a role in cultural heritage preservation, allowing researchers to analyze artifacts without physical damage.

Recent advancements have expanded tomography’s capabilities, including the development of cone-beam CT, dual-energy CT, and 4D tomography for dynamic studies. These innovations enhance resolution, contrast, and temporal resolution, improving diagnostic accuracy and enabling new scientific discoveries. While tomography remains a powerful tool, its use requires careful calibration and interpretation to ensure reliable results.