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Toxicity refers to the degree of harmful or poisonous properties of a substance. It is a measure of the potential danger posed by a chemical, biological, or physical agent to living organisms, including humans, animals, and plants. Toxicity can be categorized into different types based on the route of exposure, such as inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact.

The severity of toxicity is often expressed in terms of the lethal dose (LD50), which is the amount of a substance that causes death in 50% of a tested population. A lower LD50 value indicates higher toxicity. Toxicity can also be classified as acute (short-term) or chronic (long-term), depending on the duration of exposure.

Toxic substances can have various effects on the body, ranging from mild irritation to severe organ damage or death. Common sources of toxicity include environmental pollutants, industrial chemicals, pesticides, and certain medications. Toxicity can be mitigated through proper handling, storage, and disposal of hazardous materials, as well as through the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) and safety protocols.

In some cases, toxicity can be beneficial, such as in the use of toxins in pest control or certain medical treatments. However, the potential risks and benefits must be carefully weighed and managed to ensure the safety of individuals and the environment.