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Thiophene is a heterocyclic organic compound with the chemical formula C4H4S. It is a five-membered ring containing four carbon atoms and one sulfur atom. Thiophene is a colorless liquid with a distinctive odor, often described as similar to benzene. It is an aromatic compound, meaning it possesses a stable, delocalized pi electron system within its ring.

Thiophene occurs naturally in coal tar and petroleum. It can also be synthesized through various chemical reactions, such as the Paal-Knorr synthesis or the reaction of acetylene with hydrogen sulfide. Its aromatic character makes it relatively stable, but it can undergo electrophilic substitution reactions, similar to benzene.

Due to its chemical properties, thiophene and its derivatives find applications in various fields. They are used as building blocks in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and dyes. Thiophene-based polymers, known as polythiophenes, are of significant interest in materials science for their electrical conductivity and are explored for use in organic electronics, such as organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) and organic solar cells. Thiophene itself is also used as a solvent in some chemical processes.