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Terrestrialization, often referred to as "terrestrialisation" or "terrestrialization," is a biological process that describes the transition of organisms from aquatic to terrestrial environments. This process is a significant event in the history of life on Earth, marking the colonization of land by various groups of organisms, including plants, fungi, and animals.

The terrestrialization of plants began around 470 million years ago during the Ordovician period, with the first land plants being non-vascular bryophytes. These early plants were followed by vascular plants in the Silurian period, which developed specialized structures like roots, stems, and leaves to adapt to the terrestrial environment. This evolution allowed plants to exploit new ecological niches and laid the foundation for the diverse terrestrial flora we see today.

Fungi also played a crucial role in terrestrialization. The establishment of symbiotic relationships between fungi and plant roots, known as mycorrhizae, facilitated the uptake of nutrients and water from the soil, aiding plants in their colonization of land. Fungi themselves diversified extensively during this period, adapting to the new terrestrial habitats.

Animal terrestrialization occurred later, with the first arthropods appearing on land during the Silurian period. These early land animals were followed by vertebrates, including amphibians, which evolved from lobe-finned fish during the Devonian period. The evolution of the amniotic egg allowed reptiles to further exploit terrestrial environments, leading to the diversification of reptiles and eventually the evolution of mammals and birds.

Terrestrialization is a complex process involving numerous adaptations and co-evolutions among different groups of organisms. It has significantly shaped the biodiversity and ecological dynamics of terrestrial ecosystems.