taqsims

Taqsims, plural of taqsīm, is a form of melodic instrumental improvisation found in Middle Eastern and neighboring musical traditions. The term origins lie in the Arabic root meaning division or distribution, but in music it denotes an exploratory, unmetered performance that centers on a chosen maqam (modal system). In Turkish contexts the equivalent term is taksim.

Performance typically features a solo melodic instrument such as the oud, violin, nay (reed flute), qanun, or flute. The taqsīm is guided by the modal framework of a maqam, and the musician freely explores pitches, microtones, and ornamental figures within that mode. Rhythmic accompaniment is usually absent or minimal during the improvisation, though some taqsims may transition into a rhythmically structured section or into a composed piece.

Taqsims serve several functions in performance. They can introduce a concert or a vocal piece, establish mood, or display technical and expressive range. Variants exist across regions, with different instruments and stylistic nuances reflecting Arab, Turkish, Persian, and other related musical cultures. While often associated with oud or violin in the Arab world and with ney or kanun in Turkish contexts, taqsims may be performed on a wide range of melodic instruments.

In scholarly and musical practice, taqsims are considered a core vehicle for improvisation and modal exploration, illustrating the performer’s creativity within the constraints and possibilities of the chosen maqam.