tangan

Tangan (Indonesian for hand) refers to the distal portion of the upper limb, comprising the wrist, palm, and fingers. It is the primary organ for manipulation, grasp, and tactile exploration, able to perform delicate tasks with fine motor control and generate powerful grips when needed.

Anatomy and structure include the basic bone plan: eight carpal bones in the wrist, five metacarpal bones in the palm, and fourteen phalanges in the fingers. Joints such as the radiocarpal joint, carpometacarpal joints, metacarpophalangeal joints, and interphalangeal joints provide a wide range of movement. The hand’s musculature is divided into extrinsic muscles acting on the fingers from the forearm (for example, flexors and extensors) and intrinsic muscles within the hand (including thenar, hypothenar, and interosseous groups) that refine movement and grip.

Nerves and blood supply enable sensation and control. The median, ulnar, and radial nerves provide sensory information and motor commands to different regions of the hand. Arterial supply comes primarily from the radial and ulnar arteries.

Functionally, the hand supports a spectrum of activities from gross manipulation to precise, skilled tasks. It features opposable thumbs that enable grip varieties such as precision grip and power grip, and it is highly adaptable to tool use, writing, and social gestures.

Variations and conditions include congenital differences like polydactyly or syndactyly and common injuries such as fractures of the carpal bones or carpal tunnel syndrome. Cultural aspects of the hand include gestural communication, sign languages, and touch-based social customs.