szulfonált

Szulfonált refers to a chemical compound that has undergone sulfonation, a process where a sulfonic acid group (-SO3H) is introduced into a molecule. This process typically involves reacting the organic compound with a sulfonating agent, such as concentrated sulfuric acid or fuming sulfuric acid (oleum). Sulfonation is a common electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction.

The resulting sulfonic acids and their salts are known as sulfonates. These compounds exhibit a wide range of properties and applications. Sulfonic acids are strong acids, comparable to sulfuric acid in strength, and are often highly soluble in water due to the polar nature of the sulfonic acid group. This water solubility is a key feature that makes them useful in many industrial processes.

Sulfonates find applications as detergents and emulsifiers because the sulfonate group is hydrophilic (water-attracting) while the rest of the molecule can be hydrophobic (water-repelling). This amphiphilic nature allows them to reduce surface tension and help mix oil and water. They are also used as dyes and intermediates in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and other organic compounds. Certain sulfonated polymers are employed as ion-exchange resins. The specific properties and uses of a sulfonate depend heavily on the nature of the organic molecule to which the sulfonic acid group is attached.