sytokiineiksi

Sytokiineiksi are a group of small proteins secreted by cells of the immune system and some other cell types. They act as signaling molecules, mediating and regulating immunity, inflammation, and hematopoiesis. The term "cytokine" is derived from the Greek words "cyto" meaning cell and "kinos" meaning movement, reflecting their role in cell communication and response.

There are many different types of cytokines, each with specific functions. They can be broadly classified into several categories, including interleukins, interferons, tumor necrosis factors, and chemokines. Interleukins, for example, are involved in a wide range of immune responses, from activating lymphocytes to promoting inflammation. Interferons are primarily known for their antiviral activity. Tumor necrosis factors can induce cell death and play a role in inflammation. Chemokines are a specific group of cytokines that attract immune cells to sites of infection or injury.

Cytokines exert their effects by binding to specific receptors on target cells, triggering intracellular signaling pathways. This signaling can lead to a variety of cellular responses, such as cell proliferation, differentiation, survival, or death. Cytokines are crucial for both innate and adaptive immunity, helping to coordinate the body's defense against pathogens and other threats. They also play important roles in normal physiological processes, including tissue repair and development. Dysregulation of cytokine production or signaling can contribute to various diseases, including autoimmune disorders, chronic inflammation, and cancer.