surowym

Surowym is a grammatical form of the Polish adjective surowy, which translates roughly as raw, rough, or severe depending on context. In contemporary Polish it is the instrumental singular form used with masculine or neuter nouns to describe the manner, condition, or means by which something is done. The feminine instrumental singular is surową, while the base forms are surowy (masculine nominative), surowa (feminine nominative), and surowe (neuter nominative).

Form and usage

The instrumental singular surowym is employed in phrases that express manner or means, often after prepositions that require the instrumental or in constructions describing a characteristic of the noun. Examples include z surowym spojrzeniem (with a stern gaze), w surowym stylu (in a stern/rigid style), or tonem surowym (with a harsh tone). This form is contrasted with other cases and with the feminine surową, which governs feminine nouns in the instrumental or accusative.

Etymology

Surowy derives from Old Polish and ultimately from Proto-Slavic roots, with cognates across Slavic languages that express the idea of raw, crude, or severe. The word's sense expanded in modern Polish to cover physical/raw states, as well as metaphorical harshness or severity.

See also

surowy, surowo, Polish grammar, adjectives in Polish, instrumental case.