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Sulfur trioxide, with the chemical formula SO3, is a colorless liquid or solid at room temperature and pressure. It is a crucial industrial chemical, primarily produced by the catalytic oxidation of sulfur dioxide. This process is a key step in the manufacture of sulfuric acid, one of the most widely used chemicals globally. SO3 is a highly reactive compound, readily absorbing water to form sulfuric acid. This reaction is highly exothermic, releasing significant amounts of heat.

In its gaseous form, sulfur trioxide exists as a monomer, SO3. However, at lower temperatures, it tends to trimerize, forming solid cycles of (SO3)3. It can also polymerize into various forms, including fibrous and needle-like structures. Due to its reactivity and corrosive nature, sulfur trioxide must be handled with care. It is a strong oxidizing agent and a dehydrating agent. Inhalation of SO3 fumes can cause severe respiratory irritation and damage.

The primary use of sulfur trioxide is in the production of sulfuric acid, which finds applications in fertilizer production, petroleum refining, wastewater processing, and the manufacturing of numerous chemicals and products. It can also be used in organic synthesis as a sulfonating agent.