sufixací

Sufixací, or suffixation, is a morphological process in which a suffix—a morpheme attached at the end of a word stem—is added to a base to form a new word or a new grammatical form. It is a central mechanism of word formation and a type of affixation, along with prefixation (adding at the front) and infixation (inserting inside).

Suffixes can be derivational, creating new lexemes and often changing the part of speech (for example, happy + ness → happiness); or inflectional, signaling grammatical categories such as tense, mood, number, case, or gender (for example, English -s for plurals). Some languages combine large numbers of suffixes in a single word, giving a highly productive word-formation system in an agglutinative style, while others use fewer suffixes with more fused meanings (fusional).

Phonology and morphology: suffixation may involve phonological adjustments to the stem (phoneme alternations) or exhibit vowel harmony; suffix allomorphs appear depending on surrounding sounds or grammatical context.

Examples: In English, -ness is a derivational suffix; -ed, -ing, -s are inflectional endings. In Finnish, a rich system of suffixes marks case and number; in Russian, a set of inflectional endings marks case, number, and gender; in Turkish, a large inventory of suffixes marks tense, aspect, voice, possession, and case.

Typology and study: Suffixation is a key topic in morphological typology and historical linguistics, helping explain how languages extend vocabulary and encode grammar. It complements other affixation types and interacts with phonology, syntax, and meaning.