subtypy

Subtypy (subtypes) are more specific kinds that belong to a broader category or type. The relationship, called subtyping, allows a value or instance of a subtype to be used wherever the corresponding supertype is expected. Subtypes typically inherit properties from the supertype but may add, refine, or override features to reflect a narrower scope.

In biology and medicine, subtypes classify variants within a species or disease that differ in measurable ways such as genetics, morphology, or antigenic properties. They are widely used in epidemiology and diagnosis. For example, influenza A viruses are grouped into subtypes based on surface proteins hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N), such as H1N1 or H3N2. Serotypes are another form of subtype defined by distinct antigens. Molecular subtyping of cancers or pathogens can have implications for prognosis and treatment choices.

In computer science and information technology, subtyping is a formal relation in type systems. A value of a subtype can be used in contexts that expect the supertype, enabling polymorphism and code reuse. Subtyping supports concepts such as inheritance in object-oriented languages and can be implemented through nominal or structural approaches. Principles like the Liskov Substitution Principle guide correct use of subtypes to preserve program correctness.

Outside formal disciplines, the term is used more loosely to denote any recognizable narrower category within a broader class. Subtyping can improve organization and communication but may also introduce complexity when different domains adopt different definitions or criteria.