subchondraler

Subchondraler is an anatomical term relating to the region beneath the articular cartilage of a synovial joint. In English usage, the more common form is subchondral, but subchondraler may appear in some languages or as a derivative form. The subchondral region comprises the subchondral plate, a dense cortical layer, and the underlying subchondral cancellous bone. A tidemark separates calcified cartilage from subchondral bone.

The subchondral region plays a key role in joint mechanics. It supports the articular cartilage, helps distribute loads from cartilage to the deeper bone, and houses microvasculature and marrow that contribute to nutrient exchange with the overlying cartilage through diffusion. The integrity of this zone is important for maintaining joint surface smoothness and load-bearing capacity.

Clinical significance arises when subchondral bone undergoes change or injury. In osteoarthritis, the subchondral plate often thickens (subchondral sclerosis) and the underlying bone may develop altered remodeling, bone marrow lesions, and cysts. Subchondral fractures can occur after intense load or trauma and may be radiographically subtle. Disorders such as avascular necrosis directly affect subchondral bone, potentially leading to joint surface collapse. Imaging findings of the subchondral region help in diagnosing degenerative, traumatic, and vascular conditions.

Imaging modalities include radiography, which may show sclerosis, cysts, or osteophytes; MRI, which can detect bone marrow edema, occult fractures, and detailed subchondral architecture; and CT, which provides precise delineation of bony contours and fissures.