studená

Studené is the neuter singular form of the Czech and Slovak adjective studený, meaning "cold." It is used to describe neuter nouns and appears in common phrases such as studené mléko (cold milk) or studené vody (cold water). In Czech and Slovak grammar, adjectives agree with the noun in gender, number, and case; studené marks neuter singular when modifying neuter nouns or used predicatively.

Etymology and usage: The word derives from Proto-Slavic *studenъ, related to words for cold and winter. The form studené is the standard neuter singular ending in both languages, and it can appear in various grammatical constructions, including predicates (the water is cold) and attributive positions (a cold day).

Toponyms: The form Studené also appears as a place name in the Czech Republic and Slovakia. In such toponyms, the name likely reflects historical associations with cold features such as springs, rivers, or a cold climate, rather than indicating a modern property. As a proper noun, Studené is capitalized and treated independently from the ordinary adjective.

Summary: Studené functions as a grammatical form of a common Slavic adjective meaning cold, with everyday usage describing neutrally gendered nouns. It also serves as a toponym in Central Europe, where place names bearing the form often derive from a descriptive link to coldness or cold features in the landscape.