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Stomata are small pores found on the surfaces of leaves and stems of plants. They are formed by specialized cells that form a pore in the epidermis, the outermost layer of cells on the plant. Stomata are a vital part of a plant's water uptake and gas exchange processes.

Stomata work by opening and closing to allow for gas exchange between the plant and the atmosphere. They are made up of two guard cells, which are kidney-shaped cells that surround a pore. The guard cells are able to change shape by increasing or decreasing turgor pressure, which either opens or closes the pore.

During the day, stomata are open, allowing for the release of carbon dioxide and the uptake of oxygen and water. This process is crucial for photosynthesis, the process by which plants convert sunlight into energy. At night or in dry conditions, stomata close, preventing water loss through transpiration.

Plants respond to environmental conditions by adjusting the rate of stomatal opening and closing. For example, a plant may open its stomata more in high humidity environments to allow for increased gas exchange. In low humidity environments, the rate of stomatal opening is reduced to conserve water.

Stomata have a significant impact on water availability and plant growth. By allowing plants to take in water and exchange gases, stomata play a critical role in the survival and reproduction of plants. Studies have shown that stomata can affect crop yields, plant stress tolerance, and water use efficiency, making them an important factor to consider in agriculture.