squalenebased

Squalene-based refers to substances or formulations that incorporate squalene as a major component. Squalene is a naturally occurring triterpene hydrocarbon (C30H50) found in a variety of plant and animal sources, including shark liver oil and olive oil. It is a biological precursor to cholesterol and a component of human sebum. Chemically, squalene is a nonpolar, highly unsaturated hydrocarbon that can oxidize to peroxides if not stabilized. To improve stability, it is commonly hydrogenated to form squalane, a saturated hydrocarbon used as an emollient.

Applications of squalene-based materials span multiple industries. In medicine, squalene-based emulsions are used as vaccine adjuvants. Oil-in-water emulsions containing squalene, such as MF59 and AS03, are designed to enhance immune responses by creating a local inflammatory environment that promotes antigen presentation. These adjuvants have been employed in seasonal and pandemic vaccines and undergo regulatory evaluation for safety and efficacy. In cosmetics and personal care, squalene and its hydrogenated form squalane are valued as moisturizing agents and texture enhancers due to their emollient properties and skin feel.

Production and sustainability considerations are evolving. Traditionally sourced from shark liver oil, squalene is increasingly produced from plant-based materials or via fermentation, reducing reliance on animal sources. This shift addresses environmental and supply concerns while maintaining functionality in pharmaceutical and cosmetic formulations.

Safety and regulation for squalene-based products emphasize that most uses are well tolerated, though adjuvant formulations can cause local reactions and transient systemic symptoms. Regulatory assessments balance benefits for immune enhancement or skin health against potential risks.