spôsobujú

Spôsobujú is the third-person plural present tense form of the Slovak verb spôsobovať, meaning to cause or to bring about. It indicates that multiple subjects produce a certain effect or consequence. The verb is imperfective, used for ongoing or repeated causation; its perfective counterpart is spôsobiť.

In usage, spôsobovať governs a direct object in the accusative, the thing that is caused. Common collocations include spôsobovať škodu (to cause damage), spôsobovať problémy (to cause problems), spôsobovať bolesti (to cause pain), and spôsobovať meškanie (to cause delay). Example sentences: Tieto faktory spôsobujú meškanie v doprave. Počasie spôsobuje zdržanie. Choroba spôsobuje únavu. Nové pravidlá spôsobujú vyššie náklady.

Etymology and form: the verb derives from spôs- + -ovať, related to spôsōb (older form meaning “way, manner”), conveying the sense of bringing about a particular manner or outcome. The present tense form for you (ty) is spôsobuješ, for he/she/it is spôsobuje, and for we/you (plural) it is spôsobujeme / spôsobujete; the past and other tenses follow standard Slovak verb conjugation patterns.

Relation to other forms: the imperfective verb spôsobovať contrasts with the perfective spôsobiť, which emphasizes the initiation or completion of the causal act. In literary and journalistic Slovak, spôsobovať is commonly used to describe causal relationships in analysis, reporting, and policy discussions.