spasmolytit

Spasmolytit, also known as spasmolytics or antispasmodics, are medicines that relieve spasm in smooth muscle. They are used to treat cramping and pain caused by disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, biliary and urinary tracts, and the uterus. Common indications include irritable bowel syndrome, dyspepsia, biliary colic, renal colic, and menstrual cramps. Some preparations are used as part of symptomatic treatment for functional disorders without an identifiable underlying inflammation.

Mechanisms of action vary among agents. Anticholinergic or antimuscarinic spasmolytics (for example hyoscine butylbromide and dicyclomine) reduce smooth muscle tone by blocking muscarinic receptors, thereby decreasing contractions. Other drugs act directly on smooth muscle or block calcium entry into muscle cells, reducing contractility (examples include mebeverine, alverine citrate, pinaverium bromide, and papaverine). Herbal or non-prescription options, such as peppermint oil, are also used as GI spasmolytics in some regions due to their relaxing effects on intestinal smooth muscle.

Examples of spasmolytics by class:

- Anticholinergics: hyoscine butylbromide, dicyclomine.

- Direct smooth muscle relaxants: mebeverine, alverine citrate.

- Calcium-channel–inhibiting agents: pinaverium bromide.

- Other: papaverine; peppermint oil as a non-prescription option in some markets.

Safety and considerations: common side effects include dry mouth, constipation, blurred vision, or dizziness, particularly with anticholinergic agents. Contraindications may include glaucoma, urinary retention, and certain forms of prostatic hyperplasia; use in pregnancy and lactation should be guided by a clinician. Spasmolytics are typically used for short-term relief and are chosen based on the patient’s symptoms, comorbidities, and tolerance. Always consult a healthcare professional before starting or changing therapy.