sp2hybrideringen

sp2 hybridization is a concept in chemistry describing the mixing of one s atomic orbital and two p atomic orbitals to form three equivalent sp2 hybrid orbitals. These hybrid orbitals are degenerate, meaning they have the same energy level. This type of hybridization is observed in atoms that form double bonds, such as in alkenes. The three sp2 hybrid orbitals are arranged in a trigonal planar geometry, with bond angles of approximately 120 degrees.

The remaining unhybridized p atomic orbital is oriented perpendicular to the plane formed by the sp2 hybrid orbitals. This unhybridized p orbital is crucial for forming pi bonds. In a typical double bond, one sigma bond is formed by the overlap of sp2 hybrid orbitals, while the pi bond is formed by the lateral overlap of the unhybridized p orbitals on adjacent atoms. This arrangement allows for restricted rotation around the double bond, leading to the existence of cis and trans isomers in some molecules.

Atoms undergoing sp2 hybridization often exhibit a planar molecular geometry around them. Examples include the carbon atoms in ethene (ethylene) and the oxygen atom in ozone. Understanding sp2 hybridization is fundamental to explaining the structure, bonding, and reactivity of many organic and inorganic compounds.