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Self-interest is a concept central to many philosophical, economic, and psychological theories. It refers to actions or motivations driven by a concern for one's own well-being, advantage, or pleasure. The extent to which self-interest is considered a positive or negative force varies significantly across different schools of thought.

In economics, the idea of rational self-interest is a foundational assumption. It posits that individuals make decisions to maximize their own utility, which in turn can lead to beneficial outcomes for society as a whole through market mechanisms, a concept often referred to as the "invisible hand." This perspective suggests that pursuing one's own goals can inadvertently serve the collective good.

However, critics argue that an overemphasis on self-interest can lead to detrimental social consequences, such as inequality, exploitation, and a lack of cooperation. Ethical frameworks often explore the tension between self-interest and altruism, questioning whether individuals have moral obligations that extend beyond their own immediate concerns. Psychological perspectives examine the cognitive and emotional roots of self-interested behavior, exploring its role in motivation, decision-making, and social interactions. The understanding of self-interest is complex, encompassing both individual drives and their broader societal implications.