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Sequencing data refers to the raw output generated by DNA or RNA sequencing technologies. These technologies, such as next-generation sequencing (NGS), produce vast amounts of short DNA or RNA fragments, known as reads. Each read represents a small portion of the original genetic material, and the sequencing process determines the specific order of nucleotides (A, T, C, G) within that fragment.

The raw sequencing data is typically stored in file formats like FASTQ, which contains both the nucleotide sequence and a quality score for each base. These quality scores indicate the confidence level of the base call, with higher scores signifying greater accuracy. Bioinformaticians then process this raw data through a series of steps.

The initial processing involves quality control to identify and remove low-quality reads or bases. Following quality control, the reads are aligned to a reference genome or transcriptome, or assembled de novo if no reference is available. This process reconstructs the original sequence. Further analysis of the aligned or assembled sequences can reveal genetic variations, gene expression levels, or other important biological insights, depending on the experimental design. The interpretation of sequencing data is fundamental to many areas of biological and medical research.