secondconjugation

Second conjugation is a traditional class in Latin grammar for verbs whose present active infinitive ends in -ēre with a long ē. Common examples include monēre (to warn), docēre (to teach), and vidēre (to see). These verbs form the core of the second conjugation and share characteristic vowel and tense patterns.

In the present system, verbs of the second conjugation show the endings -eō, -ēs, -et, -ēmus, -ētis, -ent for the present active indicative (e.g., moneō, monēs, monet, monēmus, monētis, monent). The imperfect active uses -ēbam, -ēbās, -ēbat, -ēbāmus, -ēbātis, -ēbant; the future active uses -ēbō, -ēbis, -ēbit, -ēbimus, -ēbitis, -ēbunt. The imperative singular is typically -ē, with the plural -ēte (mone, monēte). The passive present follows endings such as -or, -eris, -etur, -ēmur, -ēminī, -entur (e.g., moneor, monēris, monetur, monēmur, monēminī, monentur). The principal parts typically show a present active form, present active infinitive, perfect active form with -vī (e.g., monuī), and the supine or participial forms.

Although the second conjugation is most recognizable by its -ēre infinitive and ī-stem in some forms, it is distinguished from the first, third, and fourth conjugations by its regular -ēre stem vowels in the present system. This conjugation interacts with other Latin patterns, including deponent verbs, irregulars, and the scattered exceptions that occur in all verb classes.