schweigen

Schweigen is a German word that functions as both a verb and a noun and translates to "silence" or "to be silent." As a verb, schweigen means to refrain from speaking or to withhold information. It is used in contexts ranging from simple quiet to formal discretion. The noun das Schweigen refers to the state of quiet or the act of keeping quiet. Related terms include Schweigsamkeit (reticence) and Schweigepflicht (duty to preserve confidentiality).

Etymology and form: Schweigen derives from Old High German swîgan, with cognates in other Germanic languages, all connected with keeping quiet. The verb is irregular; the past participle is geschwiegen, and the perfect is formed with haben (Er hat geschwiegen).

Usage and nuance: Schweigen can denote neutral quiet as well as intentional concealment. It appears in legal and professional language (Schweigepflicht), diplomacy, or personal situations. The phrase Reden ist Silber, Schweigen ist Gold reflects a cultural value placed on discretion. The noun appears in phrases such as das Schweigen brechen (to break the silence) and das Schweigen der Zeugen (the silence of the witnesses). In literature and psychology, Schweigen may be depicted as a mood, atmosphere, or social force.

See also: Mutismus, Stille, Reticence, Confidentiality.