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A symbol table is a data structure used by a compiler or interpreter to store information about the identifiers used in a program. These identifiers can include variable names, function names, class names, and other symbols. The symbol table acts as a lookup mechanism, allowing the compiler to quickly find information associated with a specific identifier.

When a compiler encounters an identifier, it searches the symbol table. If the identifier is found, the compiler retrieves its associated attributes, such as its type, scope, and memory location. If the identifier is not found, it might indicate an error, such as an undeclared variable. The symbol table is typically populated as the source code is parsed. Information is added as declarations are encountered, and this information is used throughout the compilation process.

The structure of a symbol table can vary. Simple implementations might use an array or a linked list. More sophisticated compilers often employ hash tables for faster lookups, especially in large programs. The scope of an identifier, which defines where in the program it is accessible, is a crucial piece of information managed by the symbol table. Different scopes, such as global, local to a function, or within a block, require separate entries or a hierarchical structure within the symbol table. Ultimately, the symbol table is a fundamental component for managing and resolving names within a programming language.