regeneratsioon

Regeneratsioon, or regeneration, is the process by which living systems restore form, function, or energy after damage or aging. The concept spans biology, ecology, and technology. In biology, regeneration means regrowth of tissues or organs; in ecology it concerns ecosystem recovery after disturbance; in engineering and materials science it can describe self-healing or the restoration of performance after wear.

Biological regeneration ranges from cellular replacement to limb regrowth. Key mechanisms include cell proliferation, stem cell activity, dedifferentiation, and signaling pathways that guide tissue formation. Some animals—planarians, hydras, and salamanders—can regenerate whole organs, while most mammals show limited regrowth and rely on wound healing with scar formation.

Regenerative medicine aims to promote human regeneration with stem cell therapy, tissue engineering, organoids, and biomaterials. Applications include skin grafts, cartilage repair, and corneal regeneration. Challenges include achieving proper tissue organization, integration with host tissue, immune compatibility, and avoiding uncontrolled growth.

Ecological regeneration concerns the recovery of ecosystems after disturbances such as fire, floods, or logging. It involves successional dynamics, restoration practices, biodiversity rebound, and soil health. Enhancing resilience and adaptive capacity is central to reducing vulnerability to future disturbances.

Other uses include regenerative braking in vehicles and self-healing materials that repair microcracks, extending service life and efficiency.