refsaðir

Refsaðir is an Icelandic past participle form meaning “punished.” It is the plural past passive participle of the verb refsa, which means to punish. As a participle, refsaðir can function as an attributive adjective or as a predicative part of a compound verb construction, agreeing with the noun it describes in gender and number.

In usage, refsaðir typically refers to a group or plural subject that has been disciplined or punished. The masculine or mixed-gender plural form refsaðir is used with masculine or mixed-gender nouns, while the feminine plural is refsaðar. The form can appear in sentences such as “Þeir eru refsaðir fyrir brot” (They are punished for the offense) or “Konurnar eru refsaðar fyrir brot” (The women are punished for the offense).

Etymology: refsaðir derives from the verb refsa, meaning to punish. The word is formed through standard Icelandic participial patterns for weak verbs, producing a participial adjective that can describe people, groups, or things that have undergone punishment.

Notes on spelling and grammar: Refsaðir is declined to agree with the noun it modifies. It can appear in various syntactic positions, including predicative usage with a linking verb, for example, “mennirnir eru refsaðir” (the men are punished). The offering of exact inflectional endings varies with gender and number, with refsaðir serving as the masculine/mixed plural form and refsaðar as the feminine plural.

See also: refsa (to punish), refsing (punishment).