pyelonef

Pyelonephritis is a serious bacterial infection that affects the kidneys. It is characterized by inflammation of the renal pelvis and the renal parenchyma, leading to kidney damage and potential renal failure. The infection typically originates from the urinary tract, often ascending from the bladder or urethra, and can also result from hematogenous spread from distant foci of infection.

The most common cause of pyelonephritis is Escherichia coli, but other bacteria such as Klebsiella, Proteus, and Enterobacter can also be involved. Risk factors for developing pyelonephritis include urinary tract abnormalities, sexual activity, pregnancy, and the use of certain medications like diuretics or antacids. Symptoms may include fever, flank pain, nausea, vomiting, and hematuria.

Diagnosis of pyelonephritis is typically made through a combination of clinical evaluation, imaging studies such as ultrasound or CT scan, and laboratory tests like urinalysis and blood tests. Treatment usually involves antibiotics tailored to the specific bacteria causing the infection, often administered intravenously for severe cases. In some instances, hospitalization may be required for close monitoring and management of the infection.

Complications of pyelonephritis can include chronic kidney disease, renal abscess, and sepsis. Recurrent episodes of pyelonephritis can lead to scarring of the kidney tissue, resulting in permanent kidney damage. Prevention strategies include maintaining good urinary hygiene, emptying the bladder promptly after urination, and avoiding irritants that can lead to urinary tract infections. In cases of recurrent infections, further evaluation for underlying urinary tract abnormalities may be necessary.