punktowy

Punktowy is an adjective in the Polish language derived from the noun punkt, meaning point or dot. It is used to describe something that is related to points or dots, or is expressed in points, and its exact sense depends on the domain in which it appears. The term is common in both everyday and technical contexts.

In typography and printing, the word appears in discussions of measurement and reproduction. Typography uses units called points, and a font size is typically described as being measured in points. Phrases such as czcionka o rozmiarze 12 punktów (a font size of 12 points) are common, and sometimes you may encounter formulations like punktowy rozmiar czcionki, though more natural Polish is to refer to the size in points. In printing and graphic reproduction, punktowy can describe dot-based processes, such as druk punktowy or halftone techniques, where an image is formed by arrays of individual dots.

In statistics and data analysis, punktowy is part of the standard terminology for point estimation. A punktowy estymator (point estimator) provides a single best estimate of an unknown parameter, as opposed to interval estimates. The related phrase estymacja punktowa refers to the process of obtaining such a single-value estimate.

In education and assessment, punktowy system oceniania and similar phrases denote a point-based grading method, where students accumulate points from different tasks to determine a final grade. This usage reflects the broader sense of punktowy as pertaining to points or point-derived criteria.

Overall, punktowy is a versatile Polish descriptor tied to points, dots, or point-based measures, and its precise meaning is defined by the specific technical or disciplinary context.