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A protein chain, or polypeptide chain, is a linear sequence of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. These chains are the fundamental building blocks of proteins. The specific order of amino acids in a chain is determined by the genetic code of an organism and dictates the protein's unique three-dimensional structure and function.

The formation of a protein chain occurs during a process called translation, where ribosomes read messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules and assemble the corresponding amino acids. Each amino acid has a central carbon atom bonded to an amino group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen atom, and a side chain (R-group). The R-group is what distinguishes one amino acid from another and contributes to the overall properties of the protein.

Once synthesized, a protein chain typically folds into a complex, specific three-dimensional shape. This folding process is crucial for the protein to perform its designated biological role, whether it be catalyzing chemical reactions, providing structural support, or transporting molecules. Sometimes, multiple polypeptide chains associate to form a functional protein complex. The sequence of amino acids is referred to as the primary structure of the protein.